Will Religion and Faith be the Answer to Climate Change - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2486 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/21 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Climate Change Essay Faith Essay Did you like this example? Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine how the major worlds religions view the environment. Specifically, it will review and discuss the various tenets of each faith and in order to discern how the tenets of each faith dictate encourage or require those that hold that faith to believe, act, or be responsible towards the environment in keeping with their faith. It will describe how each of the faiths following through or acting on their tenets and teachings. The religions which will be examined include Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The Christian faith will include two sub-categories for the Evangelical and Catholic faiths. There will be a cursory review of some other religions including Hinduism and Native religions. In the end, we need to ascertain if religions or persons of different faiths can find enough commonality in their faith to provide the necessary guidance for them to work together in order to protect and conserve the environment and resources that all of humanity needs to survive. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Will Religion and Faith be the Answer to Climate Change?" essay for you Create order Assumptions: The main assumption for this paper is that climate change is real. One only has to look at recent news to see there is something going on with the worlds climate. Whether it is a recent climate change report issued by the United States government called the National Climate Assessment which includes input, analysis and opinions of more than three hundred scientist, or you look at real time events such as the wildfires in California as the result of a decade of severe drought, they dying Dead Sea which is drying up, as well as the river that borders between El Paso Texas and Mexico, or more people around the world wearing face masks due to the quality of air. Studies have shown that air quality can affect everything from respiration to heart health and diabetes. Some even feel it can impact the incidents of genetic defects or autism rates. It is clear; the world must make changes to protect our must necessary resources, air and water. The poisons and pollutions at humans are putting o ut into Gods creation are endangering those resources necessary us to survive! Introduction According to Pew Research, eighty percent of the people in the world identify with a religion. Over fifty-four percent belong to the Christian, Muslim and Jewish faith. Fifteen percent identify with the Hindu faith, and over sixteen percent are not affiliated with any faith, and there is another fourteen percent are spread among other faiths like Buddhism and Folk or Native religions. If eighty percent have as part of their faith foundation that they should be good stewards of the environment, then it should be possible for everyone to come together and solve the climate change issue. In her article about religion and climate change titled Religious Identity, Beliefs and Views about Climate Change, Sonya Sachdeva, stated; Religious perspectives affect how humans see their place in the environment, but environmental features shape religious perspectives as well (1) Method: The analysis and conclusions in this paper are based on reading several books, articles, websites and an interview. The research was completed and each of the sources summarized and reviewed. In addition, the material within the sources was identified as either scientific or factual data, or the authors opinion based on their own research, experience and expertise. This paper summarizes the prevailing opinions that agree or commonality that is indicated across the works, or will point out areas where there is a lack of commonality or disagreement about the religious belief or tenet. Lastly, it will examine each faiths source of their perspective from the Bible, Quran and Torah to their religious leaders. Christianity and the Environment There are many references in the bible pertaining to the environment from which all Christian should hold as a tenet of their faith. There actions should be governed directly by these biblical teachings. Here are a few and it should be noted that they are open to some interpretation. But if the words are taken at face value, it seems evident that God wanted man to be good steward of the earth He created and all living things on it. From the web page Open Bible.Info are the following biblical references; Genesis 3:26 Then God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock, and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth Leviticus in 25:1-55, there is reference to conservation as it tells the people of Israel to rotate their crop every six years allowing the soil and land to rest in the seventh year. Psalms 24: 1-2 says that people will be the stewards of the earth that was created by the Lord our God. The concept of stewardship is mentioned in the Christian and Jewish faiths. Numbers 35:33-34 You shall not pollute the land in which you live, for blood pollutes the land, and no atonement can be made for the land for the blood that is shed in it, except by the blood of the one who shed it. You shall not defile the land in which you live, in the midst of which I dwell, for I the Lord dwell in the midst of the people of Israel. Catholics: There are so many denominations of Christianity; it is difficult to determine a monolithic view of Christianity and the environment. However, starting with Catholicism, the past two Popes have made clear the teachings of the Catholic faith and the responsibility of all Catholics. Starting with Pope Benedict who said I willingly join in spirit all who are grateful to the Lord for the fruits of the earth and the work of human hands, renewing the pressing invitation to respect our national environment, a precious resource entrusted to our stewardship (Pope Benedict 13). Pope Benedict believes the negative impact of climate change and a deteriorating environment being more impactful on the poor and the gap between the rich and poor is already widening, dividing them further apart. He also points out that water is the source of life as well as the air, and that a good environment allows more peace as people are not fighting over resources (Pope Benedict 29). Pope Benedicts directive relative to the environment is comprehensive and succinct. He stated: The Church has a responsibility toward creation, and she must assert this responsibility in the public sphere. In so doing, she must defend not only the earth, water and air as gifts of creation that belong to everyone. She must above all protect mankind from self-destruction. (Pope Benedict 109). Pope Francis wrote the encyclical Laudato Si which is an official church treatise about environment. Pope Francis believes that due to the complexity of the ecological crisis, we need to understand that solutions will not come from interpreting it in one way, but rather we must respect other cultures, faiths, and people so that we can find solutions that are amenable to all of us. (Pope Francis Location 3313 on Kindle). Evangelical Evangelicals seem to be quite different from other denominations of Christianity. Even though they use virtually the same bible, they seem to have taken the position that climate change or protecting the environment is a liberal political position, and if they accept and adopt it, they would have to accept other liberal political principles such as gun control. In the Christian Scientist Monitor June 2017 article How Climate Change Became a Question of Faith, authors Harry Bruinius and Amanda Paulson discuss how the National Climate Assessment was released to the press first before it was released by the White House. They did this out of fear that the President and his Administration would undermine the report because Presidents political based is comprised of evangelicals who do not believe in climate change. But evangelical meteorologist Paul Douglas who wrote Caring for Creation: The Evangelicals Guide to Climate Change and a Healthy Environment is trying to change that. He explains that that facts and data do matter. He realized climate change was real after becoming a meteorologist (Douglas 13). He uses the bible reference Isaiahs prophetic that said humans will defile the earth and it will dry up. (Douglas 47). The condition of the environment can be considered the perfect problem as it is global, and no one group of people can escape the actions of others. (Douglas 125). When water and air are affected, it will affect all of us regardless of who is causing the pollution because water and air are not contained. Therefore, we all have to work together on this problem. Judaism and the Environment Research for how Judaism views the environment started with an interview with Ilana Bofford-Entin. Ms. Entin is an environmentalist, childrens book author (Our Earth, Our Friend, Jul 14, 2014), and specialized in communication. She has worked and advised candidates for political office, elected officials, and others on many topics, including environmental policy. She has researched the issues extensively as part of that process. Ms. Entin responded to the email questions by providing Torah references about the environment. She gave as a starting point, the first chapter of Genesis where it states fill the world and master (rule) it. She mentioned Deuteronomy 19:19-20 in which there is a prohibition against needless destruction and waste. She said that Judaism teaches that during war, fruit bearing trees should not be destroyed and resources should not be used needlessly. Finally, she said the Shulchan Aruch teaches that when someone pollutes the water, they will eventually pay for it. While the Jewish holy book the Torah provided clear evidence that one role of their faith is to take care of the earth and all that is in it, due to the schisms and splits creating many denominations of Judaism, orthodox, conservative, progressive, it makes it difficult to hear one voice from the faith about how to act with regards to the environment. (Halpert, Judaism and Climate Change, February 29, 2012). Islam and the Environment The Islamic faith also has primary religious sources regarding their responsibility to the environment. The Hadith is a report that many Muslims, especially orthodox Muslims, believe includes some of Mohammeds actual words. (Edis Location 33 on Kindle). In addition, the Quran also has references to the environment. For instance, To Him belongs every being that is in the heavens and on earth: all are devoutly obedient to Him (Islamicity.org, Quran 30:26). Another even more clear and direct reference is So eat and drink of the sustenance provided by Allah, and do no evil nor mischief on the face of the earth. (Islamicity.org, Quran 2: 60). Like Christians, who believe to honor all of the creatures God created is necessary to honor God; Muslims believe they have to honor the earth and all life on it to honor Allah. The Quran also states each Muslim is a khalifah, or custodian of the earth which again support the responsibility to the environment. (Mohiuddin, The Natural World, Islamicit y.org). Other Religions and the Environment A cursory review of other religions mentioned in many of the resources used indicate that Hindu, Native Indian or Indigenous populations and other smaller denominations of faith all seem to have tenets of faith that believe the care of the environment is a central theme to their faiths as well. One specific group, indigenous natives or tribes are actually taking action. They are using their legal claims to lands and resources as way to stop pollution, even at the cost of so- called progress. How the Worlds Religions Can Work Together to Protect and Conserve the Earths Environment for all Humanity? In Sharon Degados book Love in a Time of Climate Change, she argues that many churches cannot or do not actively try to address or motivate members to change the environment because many believe they cannot really impact the problem with their solutions. It appears that all of the major faiths in the world have a responsibility according to their holy books and teachings to take care of our planet and hence our environment. However, it is also apparent that each faith is not monolithic relative to what role each human, the group, or their branch or denomination, or overarching church should take relative to this responsibility. This shows that even though religions may have the same beliefs about something based on their holy books and the words of their prophet or God, they also have different perspectives or priorities relative to how to act on that tenet of their faith. The worlds religious leaders are starting to take action to organize and address climate change. They have recognized that political leaders are not willing to do address the issue. For instance, the United States would not sign the Kyoto Protocol in spite of being one of the worlds largest polluters. In the past few years many religious leaders have started to convene meetings of faith leaders to discuss how they can work together. As recently as of June of 2018, Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, leader of three hundred million Christians, told his audience comprised of religious leaders, academics and activists that they needed to move beyond intellectualism when it came to the environment. He stated What remains for us is to preach what we practice, said Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople. Now we must begin the long and difficult way from the mind to the heart. May God guide you in your service to his people and the care of h is creation. (Eilperin, WashingtonPost.com, Climate Change, 2018) The environment has to become a top priority for all faiths, all religions and all spiritual leaders. Only then can they reset priorities to find the common ground necessary to solve our climate change and environmental issues. A first step to understanding and overcoming our differences is to meet in person, talk and listen to one another. In the end, all humans must understand regardless of their faith, that in order to survive, we must take care of our planet and resources that keep us alive, and if everyone can rally around commonalities in their faith, which should be their moral core and determine their values, then humans should use faith as a leader to resolve environmental issues. Conclusions: In order to overcome all of that, people will have to listen and learn about each others religions and faiths in order to have conversations and agree to approaches about protecting our environment together without being offensive to one another. We will need to set aside any differences, and use our commonalities to ensure we act to protect our own survival, as well as be responsible to the teachings of our faith, no matter what faith you are, that we are the stewards of this planet as it was given to use by our own god or gods. Our human survival depends on it.

`` Bad Feminist `` By Dr. Roxane Gay - 1237 Words

Culture often thrives off of polar opposites—hot and cold, bitter and sweet, male and female. By setting up these opposing constructs, one can easily find a set definition for each. A hot surface could scorch someone or a cold temperature could cause them to shiver. In the same way, a bitter substance would be less enjoyable to eat than a sweet one. These terms are often defined by mentioning their antitheses. Because it’s comfortable to embrace specificity and certainty, topics such as gender and gender expression often get simplified into binary existences—however, they don’t quite operate under the same parameters. In an essay entitled â€Å"Bad Feminist†, Dr. Roxane Gay explores and warns against the dangers of binary thinking. Throughout†¦show more content†¦The same idea works the other way around. Traits such as submission and domesticity are celebrated in women when it comes to being perfect wives and mothers, but if the same traits are present in a man, the reaction generally isn’t the same. Adichie talks about the inequality that is created from the divide between genders. Because people have subconscious assumptions on gender—like men are better suited to be leaders—they subscribe and feed into a polar view of gender expression. We define masculinity in a very narrow way. Masculinity becomes this hard, small cage, and we put boys inside the cage. We teach boys to be afraid of fear. We teach boys to be afraid of weakness, of vulnerability. We teach them to mask their true selves because they have to be, in Nigeria speak, ‘hard man’ (Adichie). In return, complexes, such as masculinity or femininity, become prisons, entrapping those inside and thus causing them to police their own thoughts and actions in fear of â€Å"falling short of essential ideals† (Gay 172). Society embraces this polarity and creates a divide between male and female, looking down upon any ambiguity between the two. Often times if a person does not fit into a particular mold, they then become targets for ridicule, as if society doesn’t create the definitionsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sisterhood Is Complicated By Ruth Padawer1107 Words   |  5 Pageswith a group of people gives you a bit of validation. In an essay entitled â€Å"Bad Feminist†, Dr. Roxane Gay talks about her status in a community amongst fellow feminists. â€Å"I am a black feminist†¦ I recognize that my power as well as my primary obsessions come as a result of my blackness as well as my womaness, and therefore my struggles on both of these fronts are inseparable† †¦ As a woman of color, I find that some feminists don’t seem terribly concerned with the issues unique to women of color—the

Fish Anatomy Free Essays

FISHERIES BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT External Fish Anatomy The following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences among fish species. Fish are animals that are cold-blooded, have fins and a backbone. We will write a custom essay sample on Fish Anatomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most fish have scales and breathe with gills. There are about 22,000 species of fish that began evolving around 480 million years ago. The largemouth billustrated abovethe typical torplike (fusiform) shape associated with many fishes used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop. They are either single fins alonthe centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins, caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and pelvic (hip) fins. Fishes such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin, called an adipose (fat) fin that is not illustrated here. The dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides. The caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward. The paired fins assist with steering, stoppingand hovering. Scales in most bony fishes (most freshwater fishes other than gar that have ganoid scales, and catfish which have no scales) are either ctenoid or cycloid. Ctenoid scales have jagged edges and cycloid have smooth rounded edges. Ctenii are tiny, comblike projections on the exposed (posterior) edge of ctenoid scales. Bass and most other fish with spines have ctenoid scales composed of connective tissue covered with calcium. Most fishes also have a very important mucus layer covering the body that helps prevent infection. Anglers should be careful not to rub this â€Å"slime† off when handling a fish that is to be released. Maryland Envirothon 1 In many freshwater fishes the fins are supported by spines that are rigid and may be quite sharp thus playing a defensive role. Catfish have notably hard sharp fins that anglers should be wary of. The soft dorsal and caudal fins are composed of rays, as are portions of other fins. Rays are less rigid and frequently branched. The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized giving them their bright red cover. An operculum (gill cover) that is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills. Water is â€Å"inhaled† through the mouth, passes over the gills and â€Å"exhaled† from beneath the operculum. Fish see through their eyes and can detect color. The eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by mthe lens in and out, not distorting it as in mammals. water and can be quite sensitive. Eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell. larger it is the bigger the prey it can consume. Fish hava sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items. Some are primmostly other fish). The imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous (eating plants). Fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species. Fishchain pickerel and gar have obvious canine-shaped teeth. Other fish have less obvious teeth, such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouthor vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth, for example, in the roof of a striped bass’ mouth. Grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat. that are open to the water through a series of pores (creating a line along the side of the fish). The lateral line primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water. immediately in front of the anal fin. are used to describe the differences between fish that are described in more detail below. Maryland Envirothon 2 front of thhollow and house and protect the delicate spinal cord. SPINAL CORD: Cbrain, as well as in BRAIN: Thbehaviors processed here. LATERAL LINEOsense organs; detectunderwater vibrations and is capable of determinthe direction of their source. (See Issue 8 of The City Fisher for minformation. ) SWIM (or AIRBLA hollow, gas-fillbalance organ a fish to conserve energyby maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water. Fish caught fromvery deep water sometimes need to have air releasreleased and return to deep water, dusurface. Species of fish that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming. GILLS: Aif the fishKIDNEY: ed from their swim bladder before they can be idney is alsbody, allowing certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater, and in some cases (such assnook or tarpon) both. Maryland Envirothon 3 STOMACH AND INTESTINES: Break down (digest) fo Fish such as tilapia that are herbivomatter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components. A great deal about fish feeding habits can be determined by examining stomach contents. PYLORIC CA ECA: This organ with fingerlike projections is located near the junction of the stomach and theindigestion, may functio VENT: The site of waste elimination from the fish’s body. LIVER: This important organ has a number of functions. It abrimportantas playing a role in nitrogen (waste) excretion. HEART: Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen avakidneys an GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS): In adult female bass, the bright oranbufertilizing the eggs, are much smaller and wh(or roe) of certain fish are considered a delicacy, as in the case of caviar from sturgeon. MUSCLES: Provide movement and locomotion. This is the part of the fish that is usually eaten, and Measuring a Fish of the fish with the mouth closed and the tail fin aying along a tape measure, then pinch the tail fin closed and determine the total length, do NOT pull a flexible tape measure along the curve of the fish. Conversely, most marine (saltwater regulations) refer to the â€Å"fork length†, and scientists oftenuse â€Å"standard length† which is to the end of the fleshy part of t Maryland Envirothon 4 aby minor damage to the tanor does it give too much creditto a fish for the r elatively light weight tail when calculatingfish’s condition. â€Å"Girth† is best measured with a fabric ruler, such as tailors use. It can also be determined by drawing a string around the fish at its widest point marking wherethe string overlaps and then mthe overlapping points on a conventional ruler. Knowing thegirth is important when tryingcertify a fish for a record, and provides useful information Using total length and girth you can get a rough estimate of a fish’s weight using various formulas. Length-Weight Formulas to Estimate Fish Weights biologists use. The equation is: Log (weight in grams)= -4. 83 + 1. 923 x Log (total length in millimeters) + 1. 57 x Log (girthmillimeters). A 22†³ long bass w A quick, though very rough, estimate of torpedo shaped fish like young bass can be obtained by using: Total Length (in inches)-squared, times girth (in inches) divided by 1200. A 22†³ long Another common option used for estimating bass weights is: Girth (in inches)-squared, times length (in inches) divided by 800. A 22†³ long bass with a girth of 15 How Fish Swim alternately on each side first toward one side and then toward the other, results in a series of waves traveling down the fish’s body. The rear part of each wave thrusts against the water and propels the fish forward. Maryland Envirothon 5 This type of movement is quite clearly seen in the freshwater eel. Because movement of the head back and forth exerts drag, which consumes additional energy and slows travel, a great many fishes have modified this snakelike motion by keeping the waves very small along most of thelength of the body, in some cases showing no obvious movement at all, and then increasing them sharply in the tail region. It is the end of the traveling waves that moves the tail forcefully backand forth, providing the main propulsion for forward motion. A simpler form of tail propulsion seen in such inflexible-bodied fishes as the trunkfish, which simply alternates contractions of all the muscle blocks on one side of the body with those on the other side, causing the tail to move from side to side like a sculling paddle. Some of the predatory bony fishes are the fastest swimmers; they can cruise at speeds that are between three and six times their body lele0. 8 km/hr (0. mph), swim very slowly; others, such as the salmon, which may reach a sustainespeed of 13 km/hr (8 mph), move much faster; and it has been estimated that tuna may reach speeds of 80 km/hr (50 mph), and swordfish, 97 km/hr (60 mph). Introduction to Aging Fish: What Are Otoliths? directly behind the brain of bony fishes. There are three types of o 1. Sagitta—the largest of the 3 pairs of otoliths; involved in the detection of soun d and process of hear 3. Lapillus—involved in the detection of gravitational force and sound (Popper and Lu 2000) re are many different shapes and sizes of otoliths differen Otoliths are important to scientific age and growth studies. This figure shows the growth rings of a sagittal otolith section viewed under reflective light. The darker area or â€Å"translucent zone† represents a period of fast growth. The whiter area or â€Å"opaquezone† represents a period of slower growth. The age of the fish is estimated by counting the annuli, or opaque bands, of the thin sections, as one would count rings on a tree to determine its age. Maryland Envirothon 6 Before age data can be used, the method of estimating age by counting annuli must be validated for each species to which it is applied. There are several ways to validate age, or prove that â€Å"one annulus is equal to one year. † Most obvious might be to simply rear fish from spawn, sacrifice the fish after a few years, and compare the number of rings to the known age of those fish. This process can be time consuming and expensive. It also creates the possibility of abnormal growth patterns caused by laboratory settings (Campana, 2001). Although this method may not be practical for validating annular ring formation, a similar method is effective in validating daily ring formation (Campana and Neilson, 1985). To avoid the effects of long-term laboratory exposure, tag and release of wild fish can be useful in validating annulus deposition. This figure shows the fluorescent tag of a common snook otolith. A captured common snook was injected with oxytetracycline (OTC), a chemical that is incorporated into calcium-rich structures including otoliths. The fish was then tagged and released. Seven years later, the fish was recaptured, sacrificed, and processed for aging. The OTC, which binds to the calcium in the otolith, appears as a glowing band when the otolith is viewed using fluorescence microscopy. The number of annuli between capture and recapture is also seven. Information like this is key to linking a single annulus to one year of growth, but such information relies heavily on time and chance. The age data gathered from otolith examinations allow scientists to model growth rates, maximum age, age at maturity, and the trend of future generations. Literature Referenced Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. http://www. floridamarine. org/features/view_article. asp? id=21978 and http://myfwc. com/Fishing/Fishes/anatomy. html. Fish and Wildlife Research How to cite Fish Anatomy, Papers Fish Anatomy Free Essays FISHERIES BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT External Fish Anatomy The following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences among fish species. Fish are animals that are cold-blooded, have fins and a backbone. Most fish have scales and breathe with gills. We will write a custom essay sample on Fish Anatomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are about 22,000 species of fish that began evolving around 480 million years ago. The largemouth billustrated abovethe typical torplike (fusiform) shape associated with many fishes used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop. They are either single fins alonthe centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins, caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and pelvic (hip) fins. Fishes such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin, called an adipose (fat) fin that is not illustrated here. The dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides. The caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward. The paired fins assist with steering, stoppingand hovering. Scales in most bony fishes (most freshwater fishes other than gar that have ganoid scales, and catfish which have no scales) are either ctenoid or cycloid. Ctenoid scales have jagged edges and cycloid have smooth rounded edges. Ctenii are tiny, comblike projections on the exposed (posterior) edge of ctenoid scales. Bass and most other fish with spines have ctenoid scales composed of connective tissue covered with calcium. Most fishes also have a very important mucus layer covering the body that helps prevent infection. Anglers should be careful not to rub this â€Å"slime† off when handling a fish that is to be released. Maryland Envirothon 1 In many freshwater fishes the fins are supported by spines that are rigid and may be quite sharp thus playing a defensive role. Catfish have notably hard sharp fins that anglers should be wary of. The soft dorsal and caudal fins are composed of rays, as are portions of other fins. Rays are less rigid and frequently branched. The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized giving them their bright red cover. An operculum (gill cover) that is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills. Water is â€Å"inhaled† through the mouth, passes over the gills and â€Å"exhaled† from beneath the operculum. Fish see through their eyes and can detect color. The eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by mthe lens in and out, not distorting it as in mammals. water and can be quite sensitive. Eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell. larger it is the bigger the prey it can consume. Fish hava sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items. Some are primmostly other fish). The imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous (eating plants). Fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species. Fishchain pickerel and gar have obvious canine-shaped teeth. Other fish have less obvious teeth, such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouthor vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth, for example, in the roof of a striped bass’ mouth. Grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat. that are open to the water through a series of pores (creating a line along the side of the fish). The lateral line primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water. immediately in front of the anal fin. are used to describe the differences between fish that are described in more detail below. Maryland Envirothon 2 front of thhollow and house and protect the delicate spinal cord. SPINAL CORD: Cbrain, as well as in BRAIN: Thbehaviors processed here. LATERAL LINEOsense organs; detectunderwater vibrations and is capable of determinthe direction of their source. (See Issue 8 of The City Fisher for minformation. ) SWIM (or AIRBLA hollow, gas-fillbalance organ a fish to conserve energyby maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water. Fish caught fromvery deep water sometimes need to have air releasreleased and return to deep water, dusurface. Species of fish that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming. GILLS: Aif the fishKIDNEY: ed from their swim bladder before they can be idney is alsbody, allowing certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater, and in some cases (such assnook or tarpon) both. Maryland Envirothon 3 STOMACH AND INTESTINES: Break down (digest) fo Fish such as tilapia that are herbivomatter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components. A great deal about fish feeding habits can be determined by examining stomach contents. PYLORIC CA ECA: This organ with fingerlike projections is located near the junction of the stomach and theindigestion, may functio VENT: The site of waste elimination from the fish’s body. LIVER: This important organ has a number of functions. It abrimportantas playing a role in nitrogen (waste) excretion. HEART: Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen avakidneys an GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS): In adult female bass, the bright oranbufertilizing the eggs, are much smaller and wh(or roe) of certain fish are considered a delicacy, as in the case of caviar from sturgeon. MUSCLES: Provide movement and locomotion. This is the part of the fish that is usually eaten, and Measuring a Fish of the fish with the mouth closed and the tail fin aying along a tape measure, then pinch the tail fin closed and determine the total length, do NOT pull a flexible tape measure along the curve of the fish. Conversely, most marine (saltwater regulations) refer to the â€Å"fork length†, and scientists oftenuse â€Å"standard length† which is to the end of the fleshy part of t Maryland Envirothon 4 aby minor damage to the tanor does it give too much creditto a fish for the r elatively light weight tail when calculatingfish’s condition. â€Å"Girth† is best measured with a fabric ruler, such as tailors use. It can also be determined by drawing a string around the fish at its widest point marking wherethe string overlaps and then mthe overlapping points on a conventional ruler. Knowing thegirth is important when tryingcertify a fish for a record, and provides useful information Using total length and girth you can get a rough estimate of a fish’s weight using various formulas. Length-Weight Formulas to Estimate Fish Weights biologists use. The equation is: Log (weight in grams)= -4. 83 + 1. 923 x Log (total length in millimeters) + 1. 57 x Log (girthmillimeters). A 22†³ long bass w A quick, though very rough, estimate of torpedo shaped fish like young bass can be obtained by using: Total Length (in inches)-squared, times girth (in inches) divided by 1200. A 22†³ long Another common option used for estimating bass weights is: Girth (in inches)-squared, times length (in inches) divided by 800. A 22†³ long bass with a girth of 15 How Fish Swim alternately on each side first toward one side and then toward the other, results in a series of waves traveling down the fish’s body. The rear part of each wave thrusts against the water and propels the fish forward. Maryland Envirothon 5 This type of movement is quite clearly seen in the freshwater eel. Because movement of the head back and forth exerts drag, which consumes additional energy and slows travel, a great many fishes have modified this snakelike motion by keeping the waves very small along most of thelength of the body, in some cases showing no obvious movement at all, and then increasing them sharply in the tail region. It is the end of the traveling waves that moves the tail forcefully backand forth, providing the main propulsion for forward motion. A simpler form of tail propulsion seen in such inflexible-bodied fishes as the trunkfish, which simply alternates contractions of all the muscle blocks on one side of the body with those on the other side, causing the tail to move from side to side like a sculling paddle. Some of the predatory bony fishes are the fastest swimmers; they can cruise at speeds that are between three and six times their body lele0. 8 km/hr (0. mph), swim very slowly; others, such as the salmon, which may reach a sustainespeed of 13 km/hr (8 mph), move much faster; and it has been estimated that tuna may reach speeds of 80 km/hr (50 mph), and swordfish, 97 km/hr (60 mph). Introduction to Aging Fish: What Are Otoliths? directly behind the brain of bony fishes. There are three types of o 1. Sagitta—the largest of the 3 pairs of otoliths; involved in the detection of soun d and process of hear 3. Lapillus—involved in the detection of gravitational force and sound (Popper and Lu 2000) re are many different shapes and sizes of otoliths differen Otoliths are important to scientific age and growth studies. This figure shows the growth rings of a sagittal otolith section viewed under reflective light. The darker area or â€Å"translucent zone† represents a period of fast growth. The whiter area or â€Å"opaquezone† represents a period of slower growth. The age of the fish is estimated by counting the annuli, or opaque bands, of the thin sections, as one would count rings on a tree to determine its age. Maryland Envirothon 6 Before age data can be used, the method of estimating age by counting annuli must be validated for each species to which it is applied. There are several ways to validate age, or prove that â€Å"one annulus is equal to one year. † Most obvious might be to simply rear fish from spawn, sacrifice the fish after a few years, and compare the number of rings to the known age of those fish. This process can be time consuming and expensive. It also creates the possibility of abnormal growth patterns caused by laboratory settings (Campana, 2001). Although this method may not be practical for validating annular ring formation, a similar method is effective in validating daily ring formation (Campana and Neilson, 1985). To avoid the effects of long-term laboratory exposure, tag and release of wild fish can be useful in validating annulus deposition. This figure shows the fluorescent tag of a common snook otolith. A captured common snook was injected with oxytetracycline (OTC), a chemical that is incorporated into calcium-rich structures including otoliths. The fish was then tagged and released. Seven years later, the fish was recaptured, sacrificed, and processed for aging. The OTC, which binds to the calcium in the otolith, appears as a glowing band when the otolith is viewed using fluorescence microscopy. The number of annuli between capture and recapture is also seven. Information like this is key to linking a single annulus to one year of growth, but such information relies heavily on time and chance. The age data gathered from otolith examinations allow scientists to model growth rates, maximum age, age at maturity, and the trend of future generations. Literature Referenced Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. http://www. floridamarine. org/features/view_article. asp? id=21978 and http://myfwc. com/Fishing/Fishes/anatomy. html. Fish and Wildlife Research How to cite Fish Anatomy, Essay examples

Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing free essay sample

Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing BY Mrzatnqazt Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Before Studding Ammonia Treatment we have to know about the Pretreatments in textile processing. Why we do Pre-Treatments? Pretreatment is the heart of processing of textile. Grey cloth after weaving is quite unattractive and contains numerous natural as well as added impurities which hinder the successful carrying out of subsequent step like dyeing, printing and finishing. What are Pre-Treatments? In Pretreatment, all these impurities are removed and fabric is brought to a stage here it is more absorbent and white and can be easily processed further. In other words Pretreatment process could be defined as procedures concerning about the removal of natural and added impurities in the fabric to an optimum level that can provide good whiteness and absorbency by utilizing minimum time, energy and chemicals as well as water. Major steps involved in textile pretreatment are: De-sizing, Scouring, Bleaching and Mercerization or Ammonia Treatment In every step, different chemicals are involved which are: Ð’Â » Wetting Scoring Agents, Ð’Â » Sequestering Agents, Ð’Â » Mercerizing Agents or Liquid Ammonia, nd Ð’Â » Hydrogen Peroxide Stabilizers Pretreatment is important!!! 70% of problems during dyeing and finishing are caused by pretreatment. Now What is Mercerization? Mercerization is a method for processing cellulose fibers by alkalis. This processing makes the inside of the fibers swell to exploit new fiber properties beyond their original feel or physical properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia (NH3) are used as the alkaline chemicals for mercerization. Ammonia Mercerizing of cellulose fibers History: The use of ammonia in mercerization has been known since the 1930s and was eveloped commercially for fabric processing around 1970 in what was originally known as the Tedesco process, which was subsequently acquired by the Sanforized company and made well-known as the Sanfor-Set process. The fashion appeal of so-called flat-finish denim resulting from Japanese ammonia-finished denim that many companies substituted caustic-mercerized fabrics, often presenting them as ammonia finished. Working: By combining ammonia mercerization and Sanforizing in a single step shrinkage control is greatly improved in denim. In contrast to caustic mercerization, the fabric is ofter, semi-permanent press properties result and in the case of twill fabrics, there is less seam-puckering in garments, less leg- twist and edge-fraying. Unlike caustic mercerization, the fabric is not degraded, avoiding a harsh hand even after multiple washings. The resistances to abrasion tear and tensile is significantly improved. The original process consisted of passing the fabric though a bath of liquid ammonia with 100% pickup for approximately 10 seconds. The ammonia was removed with dry heat applied by passing over blanketed, steam heated dry cans which removed about 90% f the ammonia which was then recovered by a recovery plant consisting of large, pressurized towers and made available for recycling. The rest of the ammonia, which chemically bonded to the cellulose, was removed by light steaming. Effects Defects: The difference in effect as opposed to caustic mercerization is because with ammonia, there is less fiber-swelling, therefore the fibers are more pliable, which Additionally, unlike standard wet-finishing of denim, the ammonia penetrates completely into yarns and fibers, resulting in complete wetting, which is necessary for lasticizing the cotton for consistent shrinkage and elongation. In garments that are fabricated from ammonia treated-fabrics, the garment life is longer after long periods of wear and repeated washings, improving sustainability. Penetration: The much smaller molecular size of ammonia allows it to penetrate completely into every fiber of the fabric, unlike caustic which causes such rapid fiber- swelling that the caustic is blocked at the surface of yarns, preventing further penetration. The surface tension of ammonia at 26 dynes/cm is a third that of caustic (NaOH). The ower surface tension overcomes the enormous resistance of air trapped in the fabric which is a characteristic of heavy cotton fabrics. Additionally, at normal mercerization concentrations of caustic (23%/30 Baume), sodium hydroxide forms a hepta-hydrate with water (NaOH7H20), which results in a slow-moving, bulky group. Permanent- press effects: The permanent-press effects are achieved without the use of cross-linking resins, however, the commonly-used resins are soluble in ammonia and a combination resin finish and mercerizing, plus Sanforizing can be achieved if a soluble catalyst is mployed. Additionally, ammonia acts as a formaldehyde-scavenger and resin- treated fabrics that are ammonia treated will produce no free-formaldehyde. Shrinkage: As a rule, fabric shrinkage depends on the time of exposure to the ammonia, with 80% of the shrinkage occurring in the initial 6 seconds. Very close control of final shrinkage is achieved by fabric tension in the ammonia application in combination with compressive shrinkage. By 1974, the primary application of ammonia mercerization was for treatment of heavy-weight cotton fabrics such as denim and orduroy, which are difficult to properly mercerize with traditional caustic treatments. The ammonia process was intended as a replacement for conventional mercerizing for both fabrics and in mercerizing sewing threads (Petrograd process). Ammonia Recovery: The original ammonia recovery methods required a large capital investment which limited acceptance in the textile industry, however, a more recent design has adopted patented seals that totally isolates the dry and steam process sections in order to avoid ammonia from coming into contact with water and air subsequently liminating the need for an expensive distillation and recovery operation. Furthermore the seals also isolate the machine from the outside environment so that there are absolutely no ammonia odors in the room where the equipment is operating. This unit also does not employ a felt calendar, which can also transfer allowing denim to be processed on the same machine without contamination of non- denim fabrics as well as reducing the problem of back staining with denim that occurs in caustic mercerization, since no water is required for washing.. All the imited residues of non-recyclable ammonia are completely neutralized and can be safely sent to the water treatment plant, so together with the significant reduction in water usage, this newer ammonia process can actually be considered environmentally friendlier than conventional caustic mercerization. Dry-crease recovery: Ammonia- mercerization provides a higher dry-crease recovery and higher shrinkage consistency than caustic mercerization, especially with the dry-steam method of recovery. However, caustic mercerization still has an advantage with regard to luster nd improved depth of color in dyeing, although the uniformity of dyeing after mercerization is significantly improved with ammonia. Ammonia treatment results in a more rounded cotton fiber, which scatters light more, in turn resulting in a luster that is less bright. An additional advantage of ammonia mercerization is the absence of alkaline oxy-cellulose that results with caustic treatments, which is evidenced by strength-losses and dyeing variation. The lower pH of ammonia allows safe treatment of more sensitive fibers like linen (flax) or silk. With caustic treatments of fabrics like enim, the elimination of washing required in caustic mercerization avoids the problems with removing caustic. Mercerizes are not normally equipped with drum washers for removal of caustic from heavy cotton fabrics and contamination remains on the fabric at the time of drying which results in damage to cotton. The use of acetic acid to neutralize creates a problem with the formation of sodium acetate, which produces a very harsh feel. The ammonia process on denims also produces a much flatter, richer appearance and improves the performance on stretch denim improving fit. Tension control: Tension control is important in both ammonia and caustic mercerization for improved fabric tenacity and elongation. Moisture regain is improved in both if tension is applied prior to fiber swelling.